La delincuencia en Japón , como en cualquier otro país, es una grave amenaza para el bienestar y la seguridad de los ciudadanos, por lo que se están tomando las medidas necesarias para combatir este fenómeno. Aunque si hablamos de Japón, entonces en este país, en comparación con otros países industrializados, la cantidad de delitos, especialmente los graves, cometidos contra una persona es relativamente pequeña. Y las estadísticas de los últimos años muestran que sigue descendiendo para cierto tipo de hechos, aunque hay ciertas dudas en cuanto al número de delitos cometidos por extranjeros.
El crimen organizado frente a Yakuza existe en Japón desde hace mucho tiempo, más de 200 años. Al mismo tiempo, la organización se adhiere a un conjunto de reglas que recuerdan el código samurái de Bushido . Además, los pandilleros están estrechamente relacionados entre sí, y su relación entre ellos recuerda a la cuasi familia. Por el momento, este estado de cosas es arquetípico, aunque en la era moderna estas ideas son cada vez más suplantadas por el culto al poder y al dinero como concepto organizador. Sin embargo, la Yakuza continúa presentándose a los ojos de la sociedad como una defensora de los valores tradicionales japoneses, a veces incluso alineándose con la derecha política en sus puntos de vista y usándolo como una herramienta de propaganda y reclutando nuevos seguidores en sus filas.
En 1990, el gobierno contaba con al menos 3.300 grupos Yakuza con más de 88.000 miembros. Al mismo tiempo, la mayor concentración de actividad de pandillas se encontraba en las regiones urbanizadas y económicamente desarrolladas del país. Aunque prácticamente la Yakuza está presente en todos los asentamientos más o menos grandes y suele contar con el apoyo de los funcionarios locales. Ya en la década de 1960, la policía del país realizó importantes esfuerzos para combatir el crimen organizado, como resultado de lo cual los pequeños clanes comenzaron a desaparecer y los restantes se unieron en sindicatos más grandes y poderosos. En la década de 1990, los clanes más poderosos eran los Yamaguchi-gumi, Sumiyoshi-kai e Inagawa-kai, que en conjunto controlaban más de 1.600 pequeños grupos, que incluían a unos 42.000 gánsteres.
En el siglo XX, sus clanes Yakuza se formaron en Okinawa. Se sabe que existen al menos 2 principales: el Kyokuryu-kai y el Okinawa Kokuryu-kai, ambos enumerados como grupos mencionados en la Ley de Medidas contra el Crimen Organizado de 1992 [1] [2] [3] [4] .
Año | Población | Número total de actos | Tasa por 100.000 habitantes | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asesinatos | secuestro _ |
Violación | comportamiento indecente |
Ataque | Robo | Incendio provocado | detención ilegal |
Asesinatos | secuestro _ |
Violación | comportamiento indecente |
Ataque | Robo | Incendio provocado | detención ilegal | ||
1926 | 60.741.000 | 2.516 | 1.497 | --- | --- | 23.051 | 1.659 | 2.297 | --- | 4.14 | 2.46 | --- | --- | 37.95 | 2.73 | 3.78 | --- |
1927 | 61.659.000 | 2.495 | 1.239 | --- | --- | 23.448 | 1.906 | 2.144 | 198 | 4.05 | 2.01 | --- | --- | 38.03 | 3.09 | 3.48 | 0.32 |
1928 | 62.595.000 | 2,350 | 1.247 | --- | --- | 22.946 | 2.066 | 2.109 | 168 | 3.75 | 1.99 | --- | --- | 36.66 | 3.30 | 3.37 | 0.27 |
1929 | 63.461.000 | 2.064 | 1.376 | --- | --- | 22.846 | 2.412 | 2.235 | 171 | 3.25 | 2.17 | --- | --- | 36.00 | 3.80 | 3.52 | 0.27 |
1930 | 64.450.000 | 2.315 | 1.286 | --- | --- | 24.358 | 2.282 | 2.355 | 210 | 3.59 | 2.00 | --- | --- | 37.79 | 3.54 | 3.65 | 0.33 |
1931 | 65.457.000 | 2.415 | 1.190 | --- | --- | 24.510 | 2.198 | 2.612 | 211 | 3.69 | 1.82 | --- | --- | 37.44 | 3.36 | 3.99 | 0.32 |
1932 | 66.434.000 | 2,700 | 1.178 | --- | --- | 24.571 | 2.435 | 2.609 | 169 | 4.06 | 1.77 | --- | --- | 36,99 | 3.67 | 3.93 | 0.25 |
1933 | 67.432.000 | 2.713 | 1.326 | 1.586 | 1.768 | 26,200 | 2.156 | 2.495 | 180 | 4.02 | 1.97 | 2.35 | 2.62 | 38.85 | 3.20 | 3.70 | 0.27 |
1934 | 68,309,000 | 2.595 | 1.417 | 1.493 | 1.257 | 28.860 | 2.126 | 2.388 | 221 | 3.80 | 2.07 | 2.19 | 1.84 | 42.25 | 3.11 | 3.50 | 0.32 |
1935 | 69,254,000 | 2.484 | 1.254 | 1.498 | 1.186 | 29.290 | 2.215 | 2.262 | 222 | 3.59 | 1.81 | 2.16 | 1.71 | 42.29 | 3.20 | 3.27 | 0.32 |
1936 | 70.114.000 | 2.491 | 1.079 | 1.598 | 1.257 | 27.556 | 1.975 | 1.918 | 199 | 3.55 | 1.54 | 2.28 | 1.79 | 39.30 | 2.82 | 2.74 | 0.28 |
1937 | 70.630.000 | 2.226 | 898 | 1.548 | 1.063 | 25.592 | 1,790 | 1.598 | 125 | 3.15 | 1.27 | 2.19 | 1.51 | 36.23 | 2.53 | 2.26 | 0.18 |
1938 | 71,013,000 | 1.957 | 806 | 1.286 | 1.015 | 23.115 | 1.461 | 1.491 | 148 | 2.76 | 1.14 | 1.81 | 1.43 | 32.55 | 2.06 | 2.10 | 0.21 |
1939 | 71.380.000 | 1.692 | 690 | 1.223 | 815 | 21.651 | 1.279 | 1.312 | 82 | 2.37 | 0.97 | 1.71 | 1.14 | 30.33 | 1.79 | 1.84 | 0.11 |
1940 | 71.933.000 | 1.513 | 648 | 1.134 | 974 | 18.221 | 1.232 | 1.238 | 78 | 2.10 | 0.90 | 1.58 | 1.35 | 25.33 | 1.71 | 1.72 | 0.11 |
1941 | 72,218,000 | 1.424 | 555 | 1.018 | 1.164 | 17.114 | 1.148 | 1.064 | 94 | 1.97 | 0.77 | 1.41 | 1.61 | 23.70 | 1.59 | 1.47 | 0.13 |
1942 | 72.880.000 | 1.175 | 341 | 1.159 | 1.238 | 13.414 | 1,390 | 1.068 | 55 | 1.61 | 0.47 | 1.59 | 1.70 | 18.41 | 1.91 | 1.47 | 0.08 |
1943 | 73,903,000 | 1.112 | 239 | 1.589 | 1.076 | 11.196 | 1.210 | 1.103 | 48 | 1.50 | 0.32 | 2.15 | 1.46 | 15.15 | 1.64 | 1.49 | 0.06 |
1944 | 74.433.000 | 933 | 131 | 1.624 | 653 | 7.885 | 1.258 | 1.101 | 54 | 1.25 | 0.18 | 2.18 | 0.88 | 10.59 | 1.69 | 1.48 | 0.07 |
1945 | 72.147.000 | 919 | 23 | 1.318 | 285 | 4.493 | 1.474 | 553 | 40 | 1.27 | 0.03 | 1.83 | 0.40 | 6.23 | 2.04 | 0.77 | 0.06 |
1946 | 75.750.000 | 1.791 | 100 | 611 | 217 | 7.927 | 9.120 | 697 | 254 | 2.36 | 0.13 | 0.81 | 0.29 | 10.46 | 12.04 | 0,92 | 0.34 |
1947 | 78,101,000 | 1.938 | 62 | 863 | 237 | 11.865 | 9.186 | 807 | 480 | 2.48 | 0.08 | 1.10 | 0.30 | 15.19 | 11.76 | 1.03 | 0,61 |
1948 | 80,002,000 | 2.495 | 143 | 1.936 | 656 | 21.434 | 10.854 | 940 | 128 | 3.12 | 0.18 | 2.42 | 0.82 | 26.79 | 13.57 | 1.17 | 0.16 |
1949 | 81.773.000 | 2.716 | 360 | 2.732 | 984 | 32.627 | 8,780 | 1.395 | 234 | 3.32 | 0.44 | 3.34 | 1.20 | 39.90 | 10.74 | 1.71 | 0.29 |
1950 | 84.115.000 | 2.892 | 457 | 3.558 | 1.190 | 42.769 | 7.821 | 1.905 | 357 | 3.44 | 0.54 | 4.23 | 1.41 | 50.85 | 9.30 | 2.26 | 0.42 |
1951 | 84.541.000 | 2.865 | 531 | 3.268 | 1.021 | 43.890 | 6.124 | 1.707 | 213 | 3.39 | 0,63 | 3.87 | 1.21 | 51.92 | 7.24 | 2.02 | 0.25 |
1952 | 85,808,000 | 2.871 | 526 | 3.735 | 978 | 48.396 | 6.140 | 1.797 | 263 | 3.35 | 0,61 | 4.35 | 1.14 | 56.40 | 7.16 | 2.09 | 0.31 |
1953 | 86,981,000 | 2.944 | 411 | 3.517 | 1.225 | 52.525 | 5.296 | 1.846 | 237 | 3.38 | 0.47 | 4.04 | 1.41 | 60.39 | 6.09 | 2.12 | 0.27 |
1954 | 88,239,000 | 3.081 | 365 | 4.148 | 1.915 | 58.545 | 5.753 | 1.902 | 252 | 3.49 | 0.41 | 4.70 | 2.17 | 66.35 | 6.52 | 2.16 | 0.29 |
1955 | 90,077,000 | 3.066 | 414 | 4.046 | 1.835 | 65.978 | 5,878 | 1.922 | 215 | 3.40 | 0,46 | 4.49 | 2.04 | 73.25 | 6.53 | 2.13 | 0.24 |
1956 | 90.172.000 | 2.617 | 325 | 3.749 | 1.658 | 66.883 | 5.285 | 1.607 | 202 | 2.90 | 0.36 | 4.16 | 1.84 | 74.17 | 5.86 | 1.78 | 0.22 |
1957 | 90,928,000 | 2.524 | 253 | 4.121 | 1,881 | 70.023 | 5.029 | 1.520 | 189 | 2.78 | 0.28 | 4.53 | 2.07 | 77.01 | 5.53 | 1.67 | 0.21 |
1958 | 91.767.000 | 2.683 | 150 | 5.442 | 2.234 | 73.985 | 5.988 | 1.720 | 235 | 2.92 | 0.16 | 5.93 | 2.43 | 80.62 | 6.53 | 1.87 | 0.26 |
1959 | 92.641.000 | 2.683 | 124 | 6.140 | 2.338 | 73.014 | 5.192 | 1.662 | 253 | 2.90 | 0.13 | 6.63 | 2.52 | 78.81 | 5.60 | 1.79 | 0.27 |
1960 | 94,302,000 | 2.648 | 166 | 6.342 | 2.510 | 68.304 | 5.198 | 1.743 | --- | 2.81 | 0.18 | 6.73 | 2.66 | 72.43 | 5.51 | 1.85 | --- |
1961 | 94,287,000 | 2.619 | 186 | 6.487 | 2.955 | 68.321 | 4.491 | 1.757 | --- | 2.78 | 0.20 | 6.88 | 3.13 | 72.46 | 4.76 | 1.86 | --- |
1962 | 95.181.000 | 2.348 | 229 | 6.125 | 3.087 | 63.918 | 4.142 | 1.567 | --- | 2.47 | 0.24 | 6.44 | 3.24 | 67.15 | 4.35 | 1.65 | --- |
1963 | 96,156,000 | 2.283 | 334 | 6.239 | 4.195 | 59.730 | 4.021 | 1.493 | --- | 2.37 | 0.35 | 6.49 | 4.36 | 62.12 | 4.18 | 1.55 | --- |
1964 | 97,182,000 | 2.366 | 256 | 6.857 | 4.293 | 61.282 | 3.926 | 1.597 | --- | 2.43 | 0.26 | 7.06 | 4.42 | 63.06 | 4.04 | 1.64 | --- |
1965 | 99,209,000 | 2.288 | 250 | 6.648 | 4,710 | 58.702 | 3.886 | 1.457 | --- | 2.31 | 0.25 | 6.70 | 4.75 | 59.17 | 3.92 | 1.47 | --- |
1966 | 99,036,000 | 2.198 | 272 | 6.583 | 3.268 | 59.080 | 3.558 | 1.421 | --- | 2.22 | 0.27 | 6.65 | 3.30 | 59.66 | 3.59 | 1.43 | --- |
1967 | 100,196,000 | 2.111 | 266 | 6.393 | 3.416 | 59.234 | 3.009 | 1.323 | --- | 2.11 | 0.27 | 6.38 | 3.41 | 59.12 | 3.00 | 1.32 | --- |
1968 | 101,331,000 | 2.195 | 266 | 6.136 | 3.604 | 57.822 | 2.988 | 1.415 | --- | 2.17 | 0.26 | 6.06 | 3.56 | 57.06 | 2.95 | 1.40 | --- |
1969 | 102,536,000 | 2.098 | 343 | 5.682 | 3.609 | 54.392 | 2.724 | 1.304 | --- | 2.05 | 0.33 | 5.54 | 3.52 | 53.05 | 2.66 | 1.27 | --- |
1970 | 104.665.000 | 1.986 | 351 | 5.161 | 3.299 | 50.836 | 2.689 | 1.587 | --- | 1.90 | 0.34 | 4.93 | 3.15 | 48.57 | 2.57 | 1.52 | --- |
1971 | 106,100,000 | 1.941 | 288 | 4,862 | 3.374 | 46.090 | 2.439 | 1.676 | --- | 1.83 | 0.27 | 4.58 | 3.18 | 43.44 | 2.30 | 1.58 | --- |
1972 | 107.595.000 | 2.060 | 286 | 4.677 | 3.139 | 43.194 | 2,500 | 1.612 | --- | 1.91 | 0.27 | 4.35 | 2.92 | 40.14 | 2.32 | 1.50 | --- |
1973 | 109,104,000 | 2.048 | 281 | 4.179 | 3.233 | 43.385 | 2,000 | 1.576 | --- | 1.88 | 0.26 | 3.83 | 2.96 | 39.76 | 1.83 | 1.44 | --- |
1974 | 110.573.000 | 1.912 | 196 | 3.956 | 2.954 | 37.687 | 2.140 | 1.729 | --- | 1.73 | 0.18 | 3.58 | 2.67 | 34.08 | 1.94 | 1.56 | --- |
1975 | 111,940,000 | 2.098 | 182 | 3.704 | 2,841 | 34.136 | 2,300 | 1,600 | --- | 1.87 | 0.16 | 3.31 | 2.54 | 30.49 | 2.05 | 1.43 | --- |
1976 | 113,094,000 | 2.111 | 171 | 3.239 | 2.694 | 32.536 | 2.095 | 1,891 | --- | 1.87 | 0.15 | 2.86 | 2.38 | 28.77 | 1.85 | 1.67 | --- |
1977 | 114.165.000 | 2.031 | 153 | 2.945 | 2.992 | 32.479 | 2.095 | 2.155 | --- | 1.78 | 0.13 | 2.58 | 2.62 | 28.45 | 1.84 | 1.89 | --- |
1978 | 115,190,000 | 1.862 | 189 | 2,897 | 2.994 | 28.938 | 1.932 | 2.004 | --- | 1.62 | 0.16 | 2.51 | 2.60 | 25.12 | 1.68 | 1.74 | --- |
1979 | 116,155,000 | 1.853 | 130 | 2.810 | 2.829 | 26.431 | 2.043 | 2.127 | --- | 1.60 | 0.11 | 2.42 | 2.44 | 22.75 | 1.76 | 1.83 | --- |
1980 | 117,060,000 | 1.684 | 139 | 2.610 | 2.825 | 26.264 | 2.208 | 2.014 | --- | 1.44 | 0.12 | 2.23 | 2.41 | 22.44 | 1.89 | 1.72 | --- |
1981 | 117,902,000 | 1.754 | 122 | 2.638 | 2.735 | 25.778 | 2.325 | 1.994 | --- | 1.49 | 0.10 | 2.24 | 2.32 | 21.86 | 1.97 | 1.69 | --- |
mil novecientos ochenta y dos | 118,728,000 | 1.764 | 113 | 2.399 | 2.645 | 25.202 | 2.251 | 2.291 | --- | 1.49 | 0.10 | 2.02 | 2.23 | 21.23 | 1.90 | 1.93 | --- |
1983 | 119,536,000 | 1.745 | 76 | 1,970 | 2.464 | 23.803 | 2.317 | 2.102 | --- | 1.46 | 0.06 | 1.65 | 2.06 | 19.91 | 1.94 | 1.76 | --- |
1984 | 120,305,000 | 1.762 | 82 | 1.926 | 2.369 | 23.540 | 2.188 | 1,980 | --- | 1.46 | 0.07 | 1.60 | 1.97 | 19.57 | 1.82 | 1.65 | --- |
1985 | 121.049.000 | 1,780 | 98 | 1.802 | 2.645 | 22.302 | 1.815 | 2.028 | --- | 1.47 | 0.08 | 1.49 | 2.19 | 18.42 | 1.50 | 1.68 | --- |
1986 | 121.660.000 | 1.676 | 113 | 1,750 | 2.291 | 21.171 | 1.949 | 1.776 | --- | 1.38 | 0.09 | 1.44 | 1.88 | 17.40 | 1.60 | 1.46 | --- |
1987 | 122,239,000 | 1.584 | 106 | 1.823 | 2.404 | 21.046 | 1.874 | 1.814 | --- | 1.30 | 0.09 | 1.49 | 1.97 | 17.22 | 1.53 | 1.48 | --- |
1988 | 122.745.000 | 1.441 | 112 | 1.741 | 2.867 | 21.516 | 1.771 | 1.629 | --- | 1.17 | 0.09 | 1.42 | 2.34 | 17.53 | 1.44 | 1.33 | --- |
1989 | 123,205,000 | 1.308 | 137 | 1.556 | 2.759 | 19.802 | 1.586 | 1.449 | --- | 1.06 | 0.11 | 1.26 | 2.24 | 16.07 | 1.29 | 1.18 | --- |
1990 | 123.611.000 | 1.238 | 122 | 1.548 | 2,730 | 19.436 | 1.653 | 1.491 | --- | 1.00 | 0.10 | 1.25 | 2.21 | 15.72 | 1.34 | 1.21 | --- |
1991 | 124,101,000 | 1.215 | 197 | 1.603 | 3.176 | 18.634 | 1.848 | 1.348 | 363 | 0.98 | 0.16 | 1.29 | 2.56 | 15.02 | 1.49 | 1.09 | 0.29 |
1992 | 124.567.000 | 1.227 | 271 | 1.504 | 3.505 | 18.854 | 2.189 | 1.418 | 399 | 0.99 | 0.22 | 1.21 | 2.81 | 15.14 | 1.76 | 1.14 | 0.32 |
1993 | 124.938.000 | 1.233 | 258 | 1.611 | 3.581 | 18.306 | 2.466 | 1.754 | 373 | 0.99 | 0.21 | 1.29 | 2.87 | 14.65 | 1.97 | 1.40 | 0.30 |
1994 | 125,265,000 | 1.279 | 203 | 1.616 | 3,580 | 18.097 | 2.684 | 1.741 | 371 | 1.02 | 0.16 | 1.29 | 2.86 | 14.45 | 2.14 | 1.39 | 0.30 |
1995 | 125.570.000 | 1.281 | 240 | 1,500 | 3.644 | 17.482 | 2.277 | 1.710 | 357 | 1.02 | 0.19 | 1.19 | 2.90 | 13.92 | 1.81 | 1.36 | 0.28 |
1996 | 125.859.000 | 1.218 | 251 | 1.483 | 4.025 | 17.876 | 2.463 | 1.846 | 366 | 0.97 | 0.20 | 1.18 | 3.20 | 14.20 | 1.96 | 1.47 | 0.29 |
1997 | 126,157,000 | 1.282 | 284 | 1.657 | 4,398 | 19.288 | 2.809 | 1.936 | 437 | 1.02 | 0.23 | 1.31 | 3.49 | 15.29 | 2.23 | 1.53 | 0.35 |
1998 | 126.472.000 | 1.388 | 221 | 1.873 | 4.251 | 19.476 | 3.426 | 1.566 | 429 | 1.10 | 0.17 | 1.48 | 3.36 | 15.40 | 2.71 | 1.24 | 0.34 |
1999 | 126.667.000 | 1.265 | 249 | 1.857 | 5.346 | 20.233 | 4.237 | 1.728 | 417 | 1.00 | 0.20 | 1.47 | 4.22 | 15.97 | 3.34 | 1.36 | 0.33 |
2000 | 126,926,000 | 1.391 | 302 | 2.260 | 7.412 | 30.184 | 5.173 | 1.743 | 564 | 1.10 | 0.24 | 1.78 | 5.84 | 23.78 | 4.08 | 1.37 | 0.44 |
2001 | 127,316,000 | 1.340 | 237 | 2.228 | 9.326 | 33.965 | 6.393 | 2.006 | 586 | 1.05 | 0.19 | 1.75 | 7.33 | 26.68 | 5.02 | 1.58 | 0,46 |
2002 | 127.486.000 | 1.396 | 251 | 2.357 | 9.476 | 36.324 | 6.984 | 1,830 | 630 | 1.10 | 0.20 | 1.85 | 7.43 | 28.49 | 5.48 | 1.44 | 0.49 |
2003 | 127.694.000 | 1.452 | 284 | 2.472 | 10.029 | 36.568 | 7.664 | 2.070 | 643 | 1.14 | 0.22 | 1.94 | 7.85 | 28.64 | 6.00 | 1.62 | 0.50 |
2004 | 127.787.000 | 1.419 | 320 | 2.176 | 9.184 | 35.937 | 7.295 | 2.174 | 639 | 1.11 | 0.25 | 1.70 | 7.19 | 28.12 | 5.71 | 1.70 | 0.50 |
2005 | 127.768.000 | 1.352 | 277 | 2.076 | 8.751 | 34.484 | 5.988 | 1.904 | 576 | 1.06 | 0.22 | 1.62 | 6.85 | 26,99 | 4.69 | 1.49 | 0,45 |
2006 | 127,901,000 | 1.309 | 199 | 1.948 | 8.326 | 33.987 | 5.108 | 1.759 | 522 | 1.02 | 0.16 | 1.52 | 6.52 | 26.60 | 4.00 | 1.38 | 0.41 |
2007 | 128,033,000 | 1.199 | 207 | 1.766 | 7.664 | 30.986 | 4.507 | 1.519 | 418 | 0.94 | 0.16 | 1.38 | 6.00 | 24.26 | 3.53 | 1.19 | 0.33 |
2008 | 128,084,000 | 1.297 | 155 | 1.582 | 7.111 | 28.291 | 4.278 | 1.424 | 407 | 1.01 | 0.12 | 1.24 | 5.55 | 22.09 | 3.40 | 1.11 | 0.32 |
2009 | 128,032,000 | 1.094 | 156 | 1.402 | 6.688 | 26.464 | 4.512 | 1.306 | 362 | 0.85 | 0.12 | 1.10 | 5.22 | 20.67 | 3.52 | 1.02 | 0.28 |
2010 | 128,053,000 | 1.067 | 185 | 1.289 | 7.027 | 26.547 | 4.029 | 1.191 | 354 | 0.83 | 0.14 | 1.01 | 5.49 | 20.73 | 3.15 | 0.93 | 0.28 |
2011 | 127.799.000 | 1.051 | 147 | 1.185 | 6,870 | 25.832 | 3.673 | 1.087 | 315 | 0.82 | 0.12 | 0.93 | 5.38 | 20.21 | 2.87 | 0.85 | 0.25 |
2012 | 127.515.000 | 1.030 | 188 | 1.240 | 7.263 | 27.962 | 3.658 | 1.033 | 309 | 0.81 | 0.15 | 0.97 | 5.70 | 21.93 | 2.87 | 0.81 | 0.24 |
Año | Población | Asesinatos | secuestro _ |
violaciones | comportamiento indecente |
Ataque | Robo | Incendio provocado | detención ilegal |
Asesinatos | secuestro _ |
violaciones | comportamiento indecente |
Ataque | Robo | Incendio provocado | detención ilegal |
Número total de actos | Tasa por 100.000 habitantes | ||||||||||||||||